是松诉美国案的16个 arguments

1. The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution states: No person shall…be deprived of life,
    liberty, or property, without due process of law….《宪法》第五修正案规定：未经正当
   法律程序，任何人都不得……被剥夺生命，自由或财产。

By subjecting Japanese and Japanese Americans to internment as a group, the 
United States has denied them due process of law. Proper due process requires 
individuals to be proven guilty through individual, established procedures.美国通过
将日本人和日裔美国人作为一个整体进行拘禁，否认了他们的正当法律程序(Due Process)
的权力。适当的正当程序要求个人通过既定的程序证明有罪。

2. Deference to Congress and the military authorities, particularly in light of the uncertainty 
   following Pearl Harbor. 尊重国会和军方的判断， 特别是像珍珠港事件后产生不确定性的时候。

3. The 14th Amendment of the Constitution states: No State shall…deny to any person 
   within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
• Though the 14th Amendment refers to states, it also applies (through the Fifth 
  Amendment) to the federal government. The government is obliged to provide 
  equal rights; if the rights of a particular racial group are taken away, the reason 
  for doing so must pass the highest scrutiny possible.

《宪法》第14条修正案规定：任何州都不得……在其管辖范围内拒绝任何人对法律的平等保护。

• 尽管第14条修正案提及各州，但它也（通过第5条修正案）适用于联邦政府。政府有
  义务提供平等的权利；如果剥夺了特定种族的权利，这样做的理由必须经过最高的审查。***平等保护条款（英語：Equal Protection Clause），是美国法律术语，它保障了所有人民在法律之前均可得到同等的对待。这个条款来自美国宪法第十四修正案中，保障每名美国公民不被各州的州政府剥夺依法律享有的公民权利，以確保永久廢除奴隸制。

4. Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution gives the President the power as commander 
   in chief of the military. Commanding the military includes issuing orders as necessary 
   to help the military carry out its duties to protect the nation. Such orders include 
   Executive Order 9066, which expressly allowed restrictions on the movement and 
   presence of groups of people in certain areas of the country.《宪法》第二条第二款赋予
   总统以军事总司令的权力。指挥军队包括根据需要发布命令，以帮助军队履行其保护国家
   的职责。此类命令包括9066号行政命令，该命令明确允许限制该国某些地区的人群的活动
   和存在。
5. German Americans and Italian Americans were treated differently from the Japanese
    during World War II. Though some were interned and suffered discriminatory treatment, 
   they were not gathered up en masse without hearing or evidence as the Japanese were. 
   第二次世界大战期间，德裔美国人和意大利裔美国人与日本人的待遇有所不同。
   尽管有些人被拘留并遭受歧视性待遇，但们并他们没有 像日本人那样在没有
   举行任何听证会或任何证据的情况下被集体送到集中营。

6. It is impossible for the Supreme Court to confirm or deny the military authorities’ claim 
   that it was impossible to quickly separate out disloyal and dangerous Japanese 
   or Japanese Americans. 最高法院根本无法确认或否认军事当局的说法，即不可能迅速
   将不忠和危险的日裔或日裔美国人跟忠心的分开。

7. In Hirabayashi v. United States (1943), the Supreme Court supported the conviction 
   of a Japanese American who violated a curfew order imposed through the same presidential Executive Order and Congressional Act at issue in this case.在《 平林诉美国案》Hirabayashi诉美国）中 （（1943年），最高法院支持对一名日裔美国人的定罪，该人违反了与此案相关的《总统行政命令》和《国会法》所施加的宵禁令。
8. When our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect should be 
   commensurate with the threatened danger. 当我们的海岸受到敌对力量的威胁时，
   保护的力量应与受到威胁的危险相称。

9. No Japanese or Japanese American had been accused of or convicted for espionage 
   or sabotage in the months between the attack on Pearl Harbor and the beginning of 
   internment. 在袭击珍珠港到拘禁开始之间的几个月中，没有日本人或日裔美国人被
   指控犯有间谍罪或蓄意破坏罪或定罪。

10. Approximately 5,000 American citizens of Japanese ancestry refused to swear 
    unqualified allegiance to the United States and to renounce allegiance to the 
    Japanese Emperor. 约有5,000名日本血统的美国公民拒绝宣誓效忠美国，
    拒绝放弃对日本天皇的忠诚。

11. In the American legal system, “guilt is personal and not inheritable.” There was no 
    evidence that Fred Korematsu engaged in any subversive or conspiratorial activity. 
    在美国法律体系中，“罪是个人犯的，不能继承下来的的。”没有证据表明弗雷德·是松
    （Fred Korematsu）从事任何颠覆或阴谋活动。

12. The armed services must protect a society, not merely its Constitution. 
    武装部队必须保护一个社会，而不仅仅是《宪法》。

13. We may not be able to confine military actions to the boundaries of the Constitution, 
    but that does not mean that the Constitution should be distorted to approve of all the 
    military deems expedient.我们可能无法将军事行动限制在《宪法》的范围之内，但这
    并不意味着应该扭曲《宪法》批准所有有利的军事手段。

14. If the Supreme Court issues a ruling supporting racial discrimination in this case, it 
    becomes a principle for supporting racial discrimination in any case where an urgent 
    need is claimed. 如果最高法院在本案中发布了支持种族歧视的裁决，那么在任何有
    紧急需要的情况下，它就成为支持种族歧视的一项原则。

15. Under the Alien Enemy Act of 1798, which remains in effect today, the U.S. may 
    apprehend, intern and otherwise restrict the freedom of “alien enemies” upon declaration 
    of war or actual, attempted or threatened invasion by a foreign nation.根据今天仍然有效
    的《 1798年外国敌人法》，美国可以在宣战状态或 外国进行实际，未遂或威胁的入侵
    时，逮捕，拘捕或限制 “外国敌人” 的自由。

16. Validation of the military's decision by Congress merited even more deference. 国会
    对军方决定的确认 表示军方决定更应该获得尊重。